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Globalization theories | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy - YouTube
Channel: khanacademymedicine
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Voice over: Alright, let's take
a look at globalization and
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some of the theories and
different perspectives about it.
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In general globalization is the sharing of
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culture, and money, and
products, between countries
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that is happening because
of international trade,
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and advances in transportation
and communication.
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You might think that globalization
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is a recent development,
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but really international
trade has influenced
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changes across borders for centuries.
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Silk and spice trade
routes through East Asia
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that began as early as
the 1st century BCE,
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introduced different cultures and linked
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the economies of different nations.
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As did the English and Dutch shipping
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empires in the 16th Century.
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Globalization is also a social
process where people become
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more and more aware of
other cultures and peoples,
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across geographical
political and social borders.
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The economic interdependence
of different countries,
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as well as advancements in
communication technology,
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and the progress of technology in general,
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have all contributed to globalization.
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There are many theories of globalization.
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Let's look at World-systems theory first.
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World-systems theory focuses on
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the importance of the world as a unit,
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rather than looking at
individual countries.
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It divides the world in to three regions:
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core countries, periphery countries,
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and semi-periphery countries.
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Core countries include areas like
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Western Europe and the United States.
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These countries have a
strong central government
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with enough tax to support it.
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They are economically
diversified, industrialized,
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and relatively independent
of outside control.
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They have strong middle
and working classes,
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and focus on higher scope production
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of material goods rather
than raw materials.
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Periphery countries are those
in Latin America and Africa,
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and tend to have a
relatively weak government.
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They tend to depend on only
one type of economic activity
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like extracting raw materials.
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There's a high percentage of
poor and uneducated people,
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as well as a small upper class
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which controls most of the economy.
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And this creates a huge
inequality in the population.
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These countries are greatly influenced by
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core countries and
transnational corporations.
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Which can harm the future
economic potentials
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of the periphery countries.
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Semi-periphery countries
like India and Brazil
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make up the middle ground
between Core and Periphery.
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They are often not dominant
in international trade but
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they have a relatively
diversified and developed economy.
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These semi-periphery
countries can come either from
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Periphery countries moving
up toward the industrialized
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Core countries, or from
Core countries declining
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toward Periphery status.
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The World-systems Theory is a fluid model,
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but it is criticized
for being too focused on
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the economy and the Core countries,
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and forgetting about the culture or even
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the class struggles of
individual countries.
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Then we have modernization
theory which proposes that
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all countries follow a similar path
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of development from a
traditional to a modern society.
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It assumes that with some
help traditional countries
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can develop into modern
countries in the same way
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that today's modern countries
developed in the first place.
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It looks at the internal social dynamics
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as the country adapts to new technologies,
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and the political and
social changes that occur.
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Dependency theory was a reaction
to modernization theory,
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and uses the idea of Core
and Periphery countries
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from the World-systems theory to look at
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the inequalities between countries.
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Basically it is the idea that Periphery
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or third world countries are
poor and export resources to
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the wealthy core or first world countries.
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Not because they are in an
earlier stage of development,
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but because they have been integrated into
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the World-system as an
undeveloped country.
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They have their own
structures and features
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not seen in developed countries,
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and will not accelerate to
become a developed nation.
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They are in an unfavorable
economic position that means
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they don't even have the
opportunity to improve and develop.
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They'll remain poor and
dependent on wealthier nations.
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These are just a few of the
theories of globalization.
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There are lots more that look at: culture,
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or social networking, economy,
politics, or even goods.
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The world is now a busy and bustling place
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where events and things can
have an effect around the globe.
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There are different ways of
looking at globalization too.
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The hyper globalist
perspective sees globalization
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as a legitimate process ,a
new age in human history.
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Countries economies become interdependent
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as the nations states themselves
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become significantly less important.
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The many individual countries
become one global society,
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though theorist don't agree
whether this is good or bad.
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The skeptical perspective is
critical of globalization,
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and considers today's
international processes as becoming
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regionalized rather than globalized.
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Countries borders are not
becoming less important.
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The third world countries
aren't being integrated
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into the global economy with the same
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benefits as first world countries.
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Skeptics don't believe
that the current economy
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is leading towards global capitalism.
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transnational Corporations
are still tied to their
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home country and national
borders are as important as ever.
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Then you have the
transformationalist perspective which
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doesn't have either a specific
cause or a specific outcome.
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They believe that National
Governments are changing,
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perhaps becoming less important,
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but it is difficult to
describe the change so simply.
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As to the strong stance
skeptics take on the
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marginalization of third world countries,
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transformationalists again just see
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that the world order is changing.
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Into what specific patterns
they are uncertain,
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just that a new world
order design is developing.
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They state that there
are many factors that
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influence the change
of the world patterns,
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but that the outcomes of these
changes is just not known.
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Globalization has caused
many changes in society.
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It has allowed for international
terrorism and civil unrest
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as different nations are
inundated by foreign cultures.
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It has also created a world economy
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where different countries
are interdependent
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on each other promoting
a global community.
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