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Why Ireland split into the Republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland - YouTube
Channel: WonderWhy
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this is the island of ireland the island
[2]
is politically split between the
[3]
republic of ireland an independent
[5]
country and northern ireland which
[7]
together with scotland england and wales
[8]
foreign the united kingdom
[10]
but why exactly is england split and
[12]
when did it happen
[13]
to fully understand the situation we
[15]
need to go all the way back to the 12th
[17]
century
[18]
after the normans had successfully
[19]
invaded england and taken the throne
[21]
they decided to invade ireland
[23]
henry ii with the authorization of pope
[25]
adrian iv to strengthen the papua's
[27]
control over the irish church
[29]
landed in ireland in 1171 and took
[31]
control of large parts of the island
[33]
and in the following year the lordship
[34]
of ireland was created in which the lord
[36]
of ireland was also the king of england
[39]
the lordship of ireland was a papal
[41]
possession held by the king of england
[43]
this was the beginning of what would
[44]
become centuries of english and later
[46]
british rule over the island of ireland
[49]
officially the lordship of ireland ruled
[51]
over the entire island but in reality
[52]
control was much less than this
[54]
and over the years english control of
[56]
ireland receded over time
[58]
this was a time before there was a
[60]
religious difference between ireland and
[61]
england
[62]
the english and the native irish were
[64]
both catholic nations as this was a time
[65]
before the emergence of protestantism
[68]
so many of the norms in ireland
[69]
assimilated into irish culture and some
[71]
were said to have become
[72]
more irish than the irish themselves
[75]
laws were introduced which banned
[76]
intermarriage between english settlers
[78]
and the gaelic irish as well as a ban
[80]
on the use of the irish language but
[81]
these laws were largely ineffective
[84]
by the late 15th century english rule
[86]
was limited to an area known as the pale
[89]
the early 16th century and what became
[91]
known as the protestant reformation in
[92]
which many european powers turned their
[94]
back on the roman catholic church
[96]
forming a new branch of the christian
[98]
faith
[98]
although the reformation was about
[100]
religion it also had a lot to do with
[101]
politics as well
[102]
with henry viii as the king of england
[104]
the pope refused to annul his marriage
[106]
to catherine of aragon
[107]
this as well as other contributing
[109]
factors caused henry viii to break away
[111]
from the roman catholic church and
[112]
establish the church of england with
[114]
himself as the leader
[116]
with this the political situation in
[118]
ireland became uncertain as ireland was
[120]
a papal possession with the king of
[121]
england as lord of ireland
[123]
in 1542 after an act of irish parliament
[126]
henry viii was proclaimed king of
[127]
ireland
[128]
as the lordship of ireland became the
[129]
kingdom of ireland
[131]
however henry viii was not recognized by
[133]
the catholic powers throughout europe
[135]
after henry viii's death in 1547 his
[138]
protestant raised nine-year-old son
[140]
edward vi
[141]
ascended to the throne but he died of
[143]
illness just a few years later at the
[144]
age of 15.
[146]
mary the first henry viii's daughter was
[148]
next tonight to the throne and since
[149]
mary was nearly 20 years older than her
[151]
half-brother edward she was raised
[153]
before the protestant reformation and
[154]
was therefore catholic
[156]
because of this mary the first was
[158]
recognized as the queen of ireland
[160]
ireland had remained loyal to the pope
[161]
and the island was almost entirely
[163]
catholic
[164]
in 1603 after the death of queen
[166]
elizabeth the first and last of the
[167]
churro dynasty
[168]
james vi of scotland also became king of
[171]
england because of his
[172]
somewhat unique family ancestry in which
[174]
he was the son of mary the first queen
[176]
of scots
[176]
and also the great great grandson of
[178]
henry vii
[180]
he was therefore known as james the
[181]
first king of england and also king of
[183]
ireland
[183]
as well this was known as the union of
[185]
the crowns in which scotland england and
[187]
ireland all shared a common monarch
[189]
in 1609 under james the first reign the
[192]
plantation of ulster was a process by
[194]
which scottish and english settlers
[195]
confiscated land from the gaelic irish
[197]
this was seen as a way to stop rebellion
[199]
in the north as ulster had been a region
[201]
of ireland most resistant to english
[203]
rule
[204]
although there had been plenty of
[205]
plantations in ireland throughout the
[206]
years the plantation of ulster was by
[208]
far the most successful and within just
[210]
a few decades the protestant colonies
[211]
population was thriving and even made up
[213]
a majority in some areas in the north
[216]
in 1641 irish catholics and alster
[219]
staged a rebellion against the settlers
[220]
or slightly irish confederate wars
[222]
between the irish catholic and
[223]
federation and the scottish and english
[225]
settlers
[226]
most of the island of ireland was under
[227]
de facto irish catholic rule for several
[229]
years
[230]
this was until 1649 when oliver cromwell
[232]
and his new model army conquered ireland
[234]
after overthrowing the english monarchy
[236]
executing charleston first and declaring
[238]
himself lord protector of scotland
[240]
england and ireland cromwell ruled over
[242]
the three kingdoms until his death in
[244]
1658
[245]
during this time there was more
[246]
confiscation of land from the native
[247]
catholics and anyone even suspected of
[249]
being involved in the 1641 rebellion was
[251]
executed
[252]
his son richard very briefly ruled
[254]
afterwards but the monarchy was restored
[256]
in 1660 when charles ii became king
[258]
son of the executed charles the first
[261]
charles ii was protestant but his
[263]
brother james ii
[264]
had converted to catholicism during his
[266]
time in france so when charles ii died
[268]
in 1685
[269]
scotland england and ireland once again
[271]
had a catholic monarch
[273]
at this point the majority of people in
[274]
scotland and england were protestant and
[276]
many were uneasy with james ii as their
[278]
monarch
[279]
however next in line to the thrones his
[281]
daughter mary who was protestant
[283]
this all changed in 1688 with the birth
[285]
of his son though would be james iii who
[287]
would undoubtedly be raised catholic
[289]
the only reason his daughter mary was
[291]
protestant was because his late brother
[292]
and former king demanded she be raised
[294]
as such
[295]
so with this change it looked like
[296]
scotland and england would have a
[297]
catholic monarchy for the foreseeable
[299]
future
[300]
the birth of the king's son sparked what
[301]
became known as the glorious revolution
[303]
in which the two major political parties
[305]
invited william of orange to invade
[307]
england and take the throne
[308]
william of orange successfully defeated
[310]
his father-in-law
[311]
who also happened to be his uncle since
[313]
william and mary were first cousins
[315]
and they took the throne together as
[316]
william iii and mary the second
[318]
king and queen of england of course this
[320]
also made them king and queen of ireland
[322]
and with a catholic majority this was
[324]
obviously not received well
[325]
this started a war in ireland between
[327]
the native irish led by james ii
[329]
who were mainly catholic against the
[331]
kingdoms of scotland and england
[333]
the william it war in ireland resulted
[335]
in victory for king william
[336]
for the next century catholic majority
[338]
ireland was ruled by a protestant
[340]
minority
[341]
known as the protestant ascendancy in
[343]
1707 the kingdom of scotland and the
[345]
kingdom of england joined to create the
[346]
kingdom of great britain
[348]
and then in 1798 there was an uprising
[351]
against british rule in ireland
[352]
in the irish rebellion of 1798 inspired
[355]
by the french revolution a decade
[356]
earlier
[357]
the rebellion failed but it caused a lot
[359]
of uncertainty on the political
[360]
situation of ireland
[361]
there were concerns that ireland might
[363]
ally themselves with france and break
[364]
away from british rule
[366]
so in 1801 ireland joined the union and
[368]
became the united kingdom of great
[370]
britain and ireland
[371]
opposition to the union was strong and
[373]
occasionally escalated into violence
[375]
the late 1800s saw a rise in demand for
[377]
self-government
[378]
and in 1886 the first home rule bill was
[381]
proposed
[382]
in response to this the liberal unionist
[383]
party was created in support of the
[385]
union and opposed irish home rule
[388]
the bill failed as did the second bill
[389]
proposed in 1892 but in 1914 the third
[393]
home rule bill was passed
[395]
but 1914 was also the year in which
[397]
world war 1 started and therefore the
[399]
bill had to be put
[400]
on hold with the british army still
[402]
occupied with the war in europe
[404]
irish republicans staged a rebellion in
[406]
dublin called the easter rising with a
[407]
goal of putting an end to british rule
[409]
in ireland and establish an irish
[411]
republic
[412]
the rising took place over the course of
[413]
just a few days but nearly 500 people
[415]
died
[416]
most of whom were civilians but with far
[418]
superior numbers the british army
[419]
managed to suppress the rebellion
[421]
the result was an unconditional
[422]
surrender by the rebel forces and most
[424]
of the rebel leaders were executed
[427]
in the 1918 uk general election an irish
[430]
political party called shin
[431]
fein who supported irish independence
[433]
and many of their members had
[434]
participated in the easter rising when
[436]
73 of the 105 irish states had the
[439]
british parliament
[439]
but they chose to not take their seats
[441]
at the british parliament and instead
[442]
decided to form their own irish
[444]
parliament
[444]
and proclaim an irish republic as a
[446]
newly independent country
[448]
the irish republic claimed the whole
[449]
island of ireland but there was a lot of
[451]
support for the union in the north
[452]
especially in ulster in which four of
[454]
the nine counties won a unionist
[455]
majority
[456]
this led to the irish war for
[458]
independence primarily between the ira
[460]
and the british army
[461]
in 1920 with the warsaw ongoing a fourth
[464]
home rule bell was passed
[465]
superseding the third home rule bill
[467]
that was passed but never implemented
[469]
this partitioned ireland into northern
[471]
ireland and southern ireland
[473]
northern ireland consisted of six of the
[474]
nine counties of ulster
[476]
this was despite two of them having a
[477]
catholic majority the rest of the island
[479]
became southern ireland
[481]
the split was intended to be a temporary
[482]
solution to the war
[484]
so ireland would remain part of the
[485]
united kingdom with home rule but
[487]
instead of having one irish parliament
[489]
in dublin there would be two
[490]
one in dublin for southern ireland and
[492]
one in belfast for northern ireland
[494]
this was an attempt to meet demands of
[496]
both irish nationalists and
[498]
irish unionists and while the northern
[500]
irish government was successfully
[501]
established the southern irish
[502]
government was not
[504]
the war continued and the southern irish
[505]
government never functioned
[507]
the irish war for independence lasted
[509]
for two and a half years resulting in a
[510]
ceasefire and the anglo-irish treaty
[513]
the treaty established the irish free
[515]
state which would become a dominion of
[516]
the british commonwealth
[517]
along with the likes of canada australia
[519]
and south africa among others at the
[521]
time
[522]
the treaty included the whole island of
[524]
ireland but had an opt-out clause for
[526]
northern ireland which they immediately
[527]
exercised so the short-lived southern
[529]
ireland became the irish free state
[531]
some were happy with the situation but
[533]
others were not many were unhappy that
[535]
ireland was still part of the british
[537]
empire and wanted total independence
[540]
so the irish nationalists were split
[541]
between the pro-treaking nationalists
[543]
and the anti-treaty nationalists the
[544]
political party's shin fame split into
[546]
two separate parties
[548]
pro-treated shin fein that was happy
[549]
with the status quo and the anti-treaty
[552]
shin fein that sought
[553]
full independence in the 1922 irish
[555]
general election the two political
[557]
parties that won the most seats were
[559]
sinn fein and shin fein
[562]
with the pro-treaty party winning more
[564]
seats the disagreement escalated into
[566]
civil war just one year after the end of
[568]
the war for independence
[570]
many men who had fought together in
[571]
ireland's war for independence were now
[573]
on opposing sides of a civil war
[575]
the pro-treaty forces emerged victorious
[577]
affirming the status of the irish free
[579]
state of british dominion
[580]
after the war the anti-treaty shin fame
[582]
refused to take their seats to the irish
[584]
parliament and protested the treaty
[586]
because of this their leader eamon de
[588]
valera resigned from the party and
[589]
founded a new political party
[591]
fina fall and they became the dominant
[593]
political party in ireland from 1932
[595]
onwards
[596]
he strongly opposed the treaty as well
[598]
but thought his former party's tactics
[600]
were not helpful
[601]
in 1937 a referendum was held for a new
[604]
constitution to remove all british ties
[606]
from ireland
[607]
56 percent of people voted in favor and
[609]
ireland's dotted new constitution
[611]
becoming a fully independent country
[613]
the country changed its name to ireland
[616]
just ireland
[617]
the country is often referred to as the
[618]
republic of ireland to differentiate
[620]
itself from the island of ireland but
[622]
its official name as simply ireland
[625]
this was to reflect the fact that
[626]
ireland's claimed territory was the
[627]
entire island believing the partition of
[629]
ireland to be illegitimate
[631]
despite is claimed though northern
[632]
ireland continued as normal as part of
[634]
the united kingdom
[635]
ireland exercised their independence by
[637]
choosing to remain neutral in world war
[639]
ii which started just two years later
[641]
and while that should be the end of the
[642]
story there were three decades of
[644]
ongoing violence from the late 1960s to
[646]
1990s in a period known as
[648]
the troubles the violence was mainly
[650]
concentrated in northern ireland but
[652]
occasionally spilled over into ireland
[653]
england and even mainland europe
[655]
although the majority of northern
[656]
ireland's population was protestant and
[658]
unionist there was a substantial
[660]
minority
[660]
or catholic and nationalists and wanted
[662]
northern ireland to join the republic
[664]
after three decades of conflict between
[666]
various organizations and thousands of
[668]
casualties a ceasefire was called to put
[670]
a stop to the violence in 1998 with the
[672]
good friday agreement
[674]
the agreement caused the republic of
[675]
ireland to amend their constitution
[677]
removing the territorial claim over
[679]
northern ireland and the british and
[680]
irish governments agreed that if a
[682]
majority of people in northern ireland
[684]
wish to leave the united kingdom and
[685]
join the republic the governments will
[687]
make it happen
[688]
the lasting impact of the troubles can
[690]
still be seen today especially in
[692]
belfast in which there are walls that
[693]
separate protestant and catholic
[695]
communities and there is still
[697]
occasional violence
[698]
however the situation is improving and
[700]
the government has made a goal to remove
[702]
all these so-called peace walls by the
[703]
year 2023
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