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Unit 23 WTO GATT GATS Capital Human 3 MSO 3 English Medium IGNOU Sociology by Dr Sushma Singh - YouTube
Channel: Dr. Sushma Singh
[0]
hello welcome dr shushma singh this i聽
today in uni 23 wto jtt gats capital聽聽
[11]
and human flows we are going to start our lecture聽
on general agreement on tariff and trade gaat聽聽
[21]
let us briefly discuss some aspects聽
of gat the first one is agriculture聽聽
[28]
agriculture is an item of gat has been widely聽
discussed and debated under this agreement聽聽
[36]
countries are allowed to use some non-tariff聽
measures such as import quotas and subsidies聽聽
[45]
according to wto the objective of the agricultural聽
agreement is to reform trade in the sector and to聽聽
[53]
make policies more market oriented with a view聽
to improving predictability and security for聽聽
[62]
importing and exporting countries alike thus the聽
agreement on agriculture related to market access聽聽
[70]
domestic support and export subsidies according聽
to wto the agreement on agriculture does not allow聽聽
[80]
governments to support their rural聽
economies but preferably through聽聽
[85]
policies that cause less distortion to聽
trade it also allows some flexibility聽聽
[94]
in ways of commitment which are to be聽
implemented over the period of time
[102]
developing countries do not have to cut their聽
subsidies or lower their tariffs as much as聽聽
[108]
developed countries and they are given extra time聽
to complete their obligations leads to developed聽聽
[117]
countries do not have to do this at all the聽
arguments which are usually raised against聽聽
[126]
domestic support prices or for the subsidized聽
productions are that these and carries over聽聽
[136]
production without imports lead to export聽
subsidies and low price dumping on world markets聽聽
[147]
hence the developed countries agreed to reduce聽
the agricultural support price by 20 percent聽聽
[155]
six years starting in 1995 the developing聽
countries by 13 over 10 10 years the developed聽聽
[167]
countries again agreed to cut the value of聽
export subsidies by 36 percent over the six years聽聽
[176]
starting in 1995 and the developing countries by聽
24 percent over 10 years the developed countries聽聽
[187]
also agreed to reduce the qualities聽
of subsidized export by 21 percent聽聽
[195]
over the six years and the developing聽
countries by 14 percent over the 10 years
[204]
now let us move to the health standards and聽
safety another important aspect of gat is the聽聽
[215]
maintenance of standards and safety in order聽
to protect human animal or plant life or health聽聽
[226]
provided that they do not discriminate聽
or use this as discussed protectionism聽聽
[236]
here the member governments are to聽
use international standards however聽聽
[242]
wto has allowed individual members countries聽
to apply a scientifically justified聽聽
[250]
higher standard thus allowing聽
them to use different standards
[258]
the next point is textiles this聽
is a content ts area of gat聽聽
[266]
until the end of the uruguay round trading in聽
textile was governed by bilateral agreements or聽聽
[274]
unilateral action in term of established quotas聽
under the quota system countries could impose a聽聽
[284]
limit on import of textiles into the domestic聽
market however under wto agreement on textile聽聽
[293]
and clothing this sector is to be fully integrated聽
into gat rules by january 2005 to bring to an end聽聽
[306]
the quota system and to end the discrimination聽
by the importing countries between exporters
[317]
now let us move to the next point general聽
agreement on trade in services gats
[328]
gits was formulated in the uruguay round聽
against the backdrop of the phenomenal聽聽
[334]
expansion of the service聽
economy all over the world聽聽
[340]
let us explain some important aspects of gats聽
especially it covered its coverage obligation聽聽
[349]
and discipline the first is coverage the agreement聽
covers all internally trade services for example聽聽
[360]
banking telecommunications tourism professional聽
services etc it has been defined in four ways
[371]
modes or trading services the first is service聽
supplied from one country to another for example聽聽
[381]
international telephone calls officially known as聽
cross border supply in ut wto jargon or mod one聽聽
[395]
consumers or firms making use of service聽
in another country for example tourism聽聽
[403]
officially consumption abroad mode two a foreign聽
company setting up subsidiaries or branches to聽聽
[413]
provide services in another country for example聽
foreign banks setting up operations in a country聽聽
[423]
officially commercial presence mode聽
three individuals traveling from聽聽
[431]
their own country to supply services聽
in another for example fashion models聽聽
[439]
or consultants officially presence聽
of natural person mode for
[452]
now the next point is principle of gats
[460]
trades in these services according to gits are聽
to be governed by the following obligations聽聽
[468]
and disciplines most favored nation聽
treatment mfn is the cornerstone of gts聽聽
[479]
whereby equal opportunity is to be given to聽
service providers from all wt or members however聽聽
[491]
there was a temporary exception to owner for a聽
period of 10 years starting from january 1995.聽聽
[501]
the already preferential agreements the聽
member countries signed with trading partners
[512]
the second is if g8s binds commitment on market聽
access and national treatment to all wto members聽聽
[523]
according to wto the commitments聽
are virtually granted conditions聽聽
[529]
for foreign exporters and importers of services聽
and investors in the sectors to do business聽聽
[540]
it is important to note that the government聽
services which are not applied commercially聽聽
[547]
are not subject to gats commitment the third is聽
it is obligatory on the part of the government聽聽
[555]
to make all relevant laws and regulations聽
governing services public the governments also聽聽
[563]
have to notify to wto any changes in聽
the regulations that apply to services
[573]
fourth is gita stipulates that the member聽
governments should regulate services聽聽
[581]
reasonably objectively and impartially when聽
they set standards prices safety measures etc聽聽
[593]
the fifth is recognition of other countries聽聽
[597]
qualifications the licensing or certification聽
of service suppliers must not be discriminatory聽聽
[608]
the sixth one is progressive liberalization of the聽
services sector is a goal of g8s which is to be聽聽
[619]
achieved through negotiations here we want聽
to close this lecture thanks for listening
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