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Elton Mayo y los estudios Hawthorne Subtitulado espa帽ol - YouTube
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[Music]
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a groundbreaking event took place at the
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Hawthorn Western electric plant in
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Chicago from 1924 to 1932 the very first
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productivity studies were conducted on
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factory workers this 1973 film features
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some of the original workers who
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participated and even supervised the
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recording of the data though filmed some
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40 years later this story of the studies
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and their effects is fascinating the
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first result of the studies was a kind
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of parallel to the Heisenberg
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uncertainty principle in physics which
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says that a system will change the
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moment it is observed the same thing
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happened in the factory studies where
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productivity went up among the workers
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not because of any changes in their
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working conditions but simply because
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they knew they were being studied in
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psychology this is sometimes referred to
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as the Hawthorne or observer effect
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today
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it's a given that workers under scrutiny
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will work harder that said the real
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legacy of the Hawthorne study was that
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it opened up new channels of
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communication between management and
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workers those channels eventually led to
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both increased productivity and overtime
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improved working conditions from the ATT
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archives and History Center here's the
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year they discovered people but it was
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at the State Street Council and lots of
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activities happening during people week
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along State Street this is a Health WBBM
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shoo Paco well I was an observer station
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in the test
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during the experiment and my job was to
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keep accurate records of all that
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happened create and maintain a friendly
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atmosphere and exercise partial
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supervisory function
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[Music]
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when they asked me what I like to work
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in a test room I thought there's gonna
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be something different than what they
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were doing my name was Teresa layman at
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that time
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well we liked it all of us liked it you
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know every day we had to do something
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different it wasn't the same thing over
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and over we had men working with us mr.
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Highberger and mr. Chipman mostly mr.
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Chipman he was there with us all the
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time he was nice he's real nice hiya mr.
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Chapman hi for the end that see the old
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game I sure I am
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Jeffers here of the Hawthorne studies
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and probably isn't a textbook on human
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relations doesn't mention the Hawthorne
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studies 1924 was the year started it all
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happened at this plant the Hawthorne
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works
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[Music]
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[Music]
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all time pictures me but a few years old
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on that picture I went here the Roaring
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Twenties
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an era of excitement like few others in
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American history an era of uproar in
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well everything a scandalous dance
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called the Charleston caught on bringing
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hemlines up so they could swing to the
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new music ladies bobbed their hair and
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covered it with clothes hats the noble
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experiment tried vainly to erase demon
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drink from America
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speakeasies though became as common as
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prohibition agents and bootleggers were
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both the heroes and the villains of the
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age Scarface Al Capone was a legendary
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example Harding headlined the executive
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branch and teapot dome but America kept
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cool with Coolidge
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a young pilot named Charles Lindbergh
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flew nonstop across the Atlantic and
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shrank the world earning its lasting
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adulation the incomparable Babe Ruth -
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is no
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throughout the world but perhaps the
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grandest star of the era was the
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automobile nothing in the 20s
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revolutionized the lifestyle of
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Americans more than the incredible
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motorcar
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Henry Ford's development of the assembly
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line boosted both employment and wages
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and set off the modern American
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industrial revolution everywhere more
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and more people went to work in
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factories turning out products by the
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hundreds of millions but somewhere along
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the assembly line the workers often got
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lost in the rush of production
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considered an extension of the machinery
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the industrial man was often less
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important than his output working
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conditions were difficult supervision
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usually autocratic and benefits
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non-existent for most workers in
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sweatshops and even in better factories
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it was production that mattered at
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Western electrics Hawthorne works in
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Chicago in the 1920s telephone equipment
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was being manufactured by 40,000 people
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but Hawthorne employees had received
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their company paid pension plan back in
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1906 they had vacations one week after
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five years and they had sickness
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disability pay Hawthorne was considered
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a progressive place to work those who
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worked at Hawthorne really respected in
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the in the neighborhood that was
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considered quite a privilege to be
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working here at this and three other
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companies in 1924 the National Academy
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of Science began an experiment to
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determine how illumination affects
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worker efficiency the premise was that
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output would improve if the lighting of
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work areas was improved something very
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curious happened when new experimental
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lights were installed output went up
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among those employees being studied and
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also among those whose lighting had not
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been changed and most puzzling of all it
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continued to go up even when lights were
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turned down having proved nothing these
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studies were called off by the National
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Academy it might all have ended there
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[Music]
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that's a dandy Oh we're talking about
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the 24 the 22 that because that's the
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now that is the heart of the study chip
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where were you then I was over in this
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direction but on the girls side what
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position did you have the chute can you
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see the chute on there
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relay making was picked for a new
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experiment when Western Electric alone
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decided to probe the inconclusive
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results of the illumination studies six
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young women assembled the
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electromagnetic switches while rest
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brakes and different hours were tried it
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was the core of what would later be
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called the Hawthorne studies industry's
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first scientific inquiry into employee
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attitudes continuing changes in routine
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were freely discussed with the workers
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whose output as well as involvement in
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the project increased dramatically each
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completed relay was counted by a
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tireless tape which recorded an overall
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production increase of 30% in this small
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room for more than five years
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observers studied workers producing more
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in less time than ever before industrial
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history was in the making earlier
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Hawthorne's George Pennock brought the
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Harvard Business School into the studies
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associate dean George Lombard Harvin
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became connected at the Hawthorne
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studies soon after mr. penny had heard
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Elton Mayo give a talk in New York May
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always interested at the time and topics
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of fatigue and monotony and mr. penny
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thought that some of the ideas at Mayo
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expressed might be of some interest in
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connection with the Hawthorne studies so
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he asked me or to come out to the
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Hawthorne plant and then began a long
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series of associations between our two
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institutions the Hawthorne Harvard
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Cooperative inquiry
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continued into the 30s delving into
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production areas all over the plant when
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the early returns from the relay room
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began to be understood the investigators
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felt the attitudes of other workers
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ought to be explored
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they began industry's first formal
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employee interviewing program
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some 20,000 Hawthorne people aired their
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feelings about their jobs their
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supervisors their working conditions
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about anything and everything in other
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experiments investigators found the
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first clues to the social organization
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of people at work an organization that
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seemed to have as much or even more
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impact on output than anything
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management did though not all the
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results were as dramatic as the relay
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room in general output increased
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wherever these tests were tried the
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investigators found industry had never
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tapped the workers real Worth and sent
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the massive proof back to Harvard for
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compilation when the studies were
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finished the late bill Dixon and Fritz
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Roethlisberger came back to Haven with
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the relieved a ton of material of
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records that had been kept and
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accumulated during the studies and they
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began the long and careful job of
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writing up the studies and stating the
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final findings in a systematic way this
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work resulted in the publication of
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management the worker which has now gone
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through many printings and has become a
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book that is well known not only to
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college and graduate students but also
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to professional workers in personnel in
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business and other kinds of
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organizations the point of view which
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gradually emerged from the studies was
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to regard a business organization as a
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social system everyone knows that people
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are important in business but a way of
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thinking which allowed the satisfactions
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and dissatisfactions of workers to be
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thought about in relationship to output
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and productivity and to allow new
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studies and new actions to be taken had
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not been available
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or this is the real contribution of the
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Hawthorne studies
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[Music]
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so company's discovered people and
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raised a question that persists 50 years
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after the studies has modern business
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yet struck the balance between the
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worker and his job we can contribute
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something I mean we're not just machines
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and we're not just there turning out the
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paper you know and just watching the
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sheets flow out of a machine we have
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ideas how to better the chef and I think
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they found out that working as a group
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our shop really contributed something it
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seems to me that uh like I say the new
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breed supervisor likes participative
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management and we've been given that
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chance and it's worked out so far we're
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facing the supervisor and it seems more
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or less like he's our equal you know
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he's on the same level as we are
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I think the supervisor he gets involved
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more he gives us a chance to do things
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the way we want to do them if as long as
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we get the job done
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[Music]
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supervisory attitude is is altogether
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different than it was in those days you
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know you can sit down and talk to the
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supervisor and tell me something about
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the job he'll listen years ago he was he
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knew everything
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[Music]
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in in a lot of the classes in the
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universities
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the Hawthorne studies often come up but
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how much stays with the student when he
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gets to be a manager I don't know but
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there's certainly a lot more there than
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we make you sir
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[Music]
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[Applause]
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you
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[Music]
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you
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