Who Is Karl Marx? - YouTube

思想是有后果的 Ideas have consequences.

有时候是好的 有时候是坏的 Sometimes good. Sometimes bad.

有时候是灾难性的——例如卡尔·马克思的思想 And sometimes catastrophic – like the ideas of Karl Marx.

1818 年出生于德国特里尔的马克思并没有发明出共产主义 Born in Trier, Germany in 1818, Marx didn’t invent communism.

但正是他的想法让列宁和斯大林建立了苏联 But it was on his ideas that Lenin and Stalin built the Soviet Union,

让毛建立起了共产中国 Mao built communist China,

还有让其他无数的暴君 and innumerable other tyrants,

从北韩的金家到古巴的卡斯特罗 建立了他们的共产政权 from the Kims in North Korea to the Castros in Cuba, built their communist regimes.

最终 这些自称「马克思主义」的政权或者运动 Ultimately, those regimes and movements calling themselves “Marxist”

谋杀了超过一亿人的生命 并奴役了超过十亿人 murdered about 100 million people and enslaved more than a billion.

马克思相信工人 特别是从事体力劳动的工人 Marx believed that workers, specifically those who did manual labor,

被资本家剥削了 were exploited by capitalists

这些资本家掌握着 马克思所言的 the people who owned, as Marx put it,

「生产资料」（特别是工厂） “the means of production” (specifically, factories)

却很少亲自做体力劳动 but who did very little physical labor themselves.

马克思在《资本论》中写到 只有一场工人革命 才能纠正这种不公 Only a workers’ revolution, Marx wrote in Das Kapital, could correct this injustice.

这场革命将会是怎样的？ What would that revolution look like?

马克思和他的合著者弗里德里希·恩格斯 Marx and his collaborator, Friedrich Engels,

在《共产党宣言》中逐条描述 spelled it out point-by-point in The Communist Manifesto.

其中包括「废除财产权和继承权」 It included the “abolition of property and inheritance”

和「把信贷、通讯和运输集中在国家手里」 and the “centralization of credit, communication, and transport in the hands of the state.”

还有很多条 都循着同样的思路 And a lot more along the same lines.

换句话说 国家几乎拥有和掌握了一切 In other words, the state owns and controls pretty much everything.

在马克思的有生之年中 这一理念在欧洲知识界得到了广泛的讨论和争论 This notion was widely discussed and debated in European intellectual circles during Marx’s lifetime,

但在列宁于 1917 年在俄罗斯掌权之前 它没有产生什么实际影响 but nothing much came of it until Vladimir Lenin took power in Russia in 1917.

列宁掌权改变了一切 This changed everything.

尽管反复遭受经济失败 Despite its repeated economic failures,

列宁的俄罗斯 即后来的苏联 Lenin’s Russia, which became known as the Soviet Union,

成为了全世界独裁者的典范 became the model for dictators around the world.

马克思的想法无论在哪付诸实践 Wherever Marx’s ideas were practiced,

生活都会变得更糟——不是一丁半点 而是糟透了 life got worse – not by a little; but by a lot.

这条定律没有一个例外 There is not a single exception to this rule.

苏联没有 东欧没有 中国没有 北韩没有 越南没有 Not the Soviet Union, not Eastern Europe, not China, not North Korea, not Vietnam,

古巴没有 委内瑞拉没有 玻利维亚没有 津巴布韦没有 not Cuba, not Venezuela, not Bolivia, not Zimbabwe.

马克思主义所到之处 经济崩溃 恐怖和饥荒接踵而至 Wherever Marxism goes, economic collapse, terror and famine follow.

那么 如果说灾难性的失败——即人类遭受的可怕苦难 So, if cataclysmic failure – meaning terrible human suffering –

是马克思主义无可避免的后遗症 is the inevitable legacy of Marxism,

那为何现在还有那么多人 特别是年轻人 为它辩护呢？ why do so many people – and now, especially, young people – defend it?

马克思主义鼓吹者们最常见的论调是「他们」 The most common answer Marxism’s advocates offer is that “they”

不管是列宁、斯大林还是查韦斯——从来没有真正实践过马克思主义 whoever “they” are: Lenin, Stalin, Chavez – never really practiced Marxism.

他们都搞错了 They all somehow got it wrong.

他们告诉我们 马克思主义的本质是分享我们拥有的东西 Marxism, we are told, is, at its essence, about sharing what we have:

如马克思所说「各尽所能 各取所需」 “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs,” as Marx put it.

对你来说 这可能听上去不错 Maybe that sounds good to you.

但这意味着什么？ But what does it mean?

谁来决定「能」？ Who determines ability?

谁来决定「需」？ Who determines need?

答案是国家 统治精英们 The answer is The State. The ruling elite.

在马克思主义下 就是那些集所有权力于一身的人 Under Marxism, that’s who has all of the power.

这就是为什么事实是这样的： That’s why the truth is this:

列宁、毛和波尔布特这样的马克思主义独裁者 Marxist dictators like Lenin, Mao and Pol Pot

搞的就是真正的马克思主义 really did get Marxism right.

他们想要绝对权力 They wanted absolute power,

马克思主义给了他们攉取权力的方法 and Marxism gave them the way to get it.

卡尔·马克思从未面对他的理论所产生的后果 Karl Marx never had to face the consequences of his theories.

他成年后的大部分时光呼吸着英国伦敦自由的空气 He lived most of his adult life breathing the free air of London, England,

在他的合著者兼赞助人恩格斯的慷慨捐助下生活 living off the generosity of his collaborator and patron Engels,

无独有偶 恩格斯的财产则是从他的富商父亲那继承而来 who, as it happens, inherited his money from his wealthy merchant father.

马克思终日在大英博物馆的阅览室里研究和写作 Marx spent his days in the Reading Room of the British Museum, researching and writing.

尽管他痴迷于「科学」一词 Although he was obsessed with the term “scientific,”

但他从没能组织起数据以证明他的理论 he was never able to marshal data to prove his theories.

有一个很好的解释：根本没有能证明他理论的数据 There’s a good reason for this: There was no data to prove his theories.

在他的图书馆生涯中 For all of his time in the library,

马克思没能找到任何证据表明资本主义 Marx couldn’t find any evidence to suggest that capitalism

借由私有企业进行自由的商品和服务交换 – the free exchange of goods and services through privately-owned business –

是一个过渡阶段 was a passing phase.

在整个工业时代 工作条件不断改善 财富扩大 Throughout the industrial age, working conditions constantly improved and wealth expanded.

马克思不得不依赖过时的报道当作论据 Marx had to rely on outdated reports to make his case.

即便如此 他仍不得不操纵数据以迎合他那预定的理论 And even then, he had to manipulate the data to get it to conform to his predetermined theories.

但马克思也没有兴趣证明他的理论 But Marx really had no interest in proving his theories.

他知道唯有暴力才能让他的理论得以实践 He knew that they could be put into practice only by brute force.

他自己就是这样说的 He said so himself.

「当然 在最开始的时候 共产主义只能通过强制性干涉产生影响」 “Of course, in the beginning, [communism] cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads,”

他写道 he wrote.

他的目的「只有用暴力推翻全部现存的社会制度才能达到」 His ends could “be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.”

全部现存的社会制度 All existing social conditions.

那包括宗教、家庭、私有财产、自由和民主 That’s religion, family, personal possessions, freedom, and democracy.

它们全部都要为了实现马克思构想中的人间天堂而消失 They all had to go in order to achieve Marx’s vision of an earthly paradise.

但由于几乎没有人会自愿放弃他们的自由和财产 But since few people give up their liberties and property voluntarily,

建立一个马克思主义国家总是需要枪、监狱和即决处决 creating a Marxist state has always required guns, prisons, and summary executions.

自列宁以降的马克思门徒们从不觉得这是个问题 Marx’s many disciples, from Lenin on, never considered this a problem.

有些人 比如革命海报男孩切·格瓦拉 认为这是一个奖励 Some, like revolutionary poster-boy Che Guevara, considered it a bonus.

「我处决人不需要什么证据」据说格瓦拉曾这样吹嘘到 “I don’t need proof to execute a man,” Che is said to have boasted.

「我觉得有必要就可以处决他」 “I only need proof that it’s necessary to execute him!”

如果在所有这些马克思主义所导致的死亡、苦难和毁灭以后 If you’re still a fan of Marxism after all the death, suffering, and

你还是一位马克思的拥趸 那是你的权利 destruction it’s caused, that’s your right.

但请爽快承认 But own up to it.

别再用「真正的马克思主义从没有被实践」做借口了 Don’t hide behind the “it’s never really been tried” line.

它有 It has.

我是保罗·肯戈尔 格罗夫城市学院的政治学教授 I’m Paul Kengor, Professor of Political Science at Grove City College,

为 PragerU 制作 for Prager University.