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Overview of demographics | Society and Culture | MCAT | Khan Academy - YouTube
Channel: khanacademymedicine
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Voiceover: We've spent plenty of time
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learning about urbanization,
population dynamics,
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demographic transition, globalization
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and social movements.
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Now that we've had a nice
detailed look into demographics
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let's take a quick moment
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to review all the topics.
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To start off we have urbanization.
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Urbanization is the movement of people
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from rural areas like farms
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to urban areas like cities.
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From a functionalism perspective,
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cities are both good
and bad for our society.
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They are centers of culture and diversity
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but also of crime.
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From a conflict theory perspective,
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cities are sources of inequality
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where the elite use
resources from the poor
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to enrich their own lives,
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and the cultural diversity leads
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to more conflict between
different beliefs and values.
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Symbolic interaction you see
cities as hubs for culture
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with strong norms and values.
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People move to urban areas
for a number of reasons.
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Jobs, better utilities,
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easier access to hospitals and schools.
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As more and more people move
to cities and metropolises
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it really begins to affect
the people who live there.
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In order to make friends
and form connections
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people must seek out
small communities to join.
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For some people though
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those small communities aren't enough.
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They need to get away from the fast pace
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and often stressful [havoc]
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but still want something more
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than what a rural environment
would have to offer,
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so they moved to the
outskirts of the city.
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This creates the suburbs
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that extend from the urban areas.
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Here, people can form
communities with their neighbors
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while maintaining their
own individual oasis.
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Then beyond suburbs are the exurbs
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which are often very prosperous.
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The drive into the city for work
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can be rather tiresome though
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so some suburbs create
their own economic centers.
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Some people rebuild
areas of the city itself
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in what is called urban renewal
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which can lead to gentrification
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where the former residents are forced out
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because they can no longer
afford the property.
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Then there's rural rebound.
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When some people desire
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to get away from urban areas altogether
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and choose to move back to rural areas.
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All right, so the main
gist of urbanization is
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people moving to the city.
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Next on the list is population dynamics
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which looks at how population grows
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or shrinks over time.
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This includes fertility,
migration and mortality rates.
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We usually look at about a year's worth
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of population change
so we can catch trends
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though you can of course
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look at a population change
over any period of time.
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Fertility measures the rate at which
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people are born in a population.
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Burst increase the population.
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Migration consists of two factors.
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Immigration where people
move into a country
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to permanently make it their home
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which adds to the total population
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and emigration where people
move out of the country
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to make somewhere else
their permanent home
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which decreases the population.
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Last is mortality which measures the rate
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at which people are dying in a population.
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In case you were wondering,
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deaths decrease the population.
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People migrate for a number of reasons.
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Some people are seeking refuge,
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others are seeking work,
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others still just want to
live in a different country.
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When looking at the
population of a country
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it is interesting to look
at the population pyramid
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which divides up how many people
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of different ages and genders there are.
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Expansive pyramids means
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there are lots of deaths
and lots of births.
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The population has a bunch of young people
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and not so many old people.
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A stationary pyramid usually means
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birth rates and death rates are low.
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You have lots of everybody.
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A constrictive pyramid also means
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low birth and death rates,
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but there are fewer young people than old.
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Usually you see this constrictive pyramid
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in very developed countries.
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If you want to see how the population
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of a country changes also
known as the growth rate,
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you take the initial population
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plus the number of births,
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plus the number of immigrants,
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minus the number of emigrants,
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minus the number of deaths,
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and you get the new population.
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If this number is bigger
than the initial population,
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obviously, the population grew
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so the growth rate is positive.
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If this number is smaller
than the initial population
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the population has shrunk
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and the growth rate is negative.
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Right now most countries are growing
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though a few like Bulgaria
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and Czech Republic are shrinking.
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This equation here wraps up
population dynamics nicely.
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Fertility and immigration
increase a population.
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Death and emigration
decrease the population
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and right now most populations
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just keep getting bigger.
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This leads nicely into the concept
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of demographic transition.
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Demographic transition is the model
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of the changes in the
country's population.
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At some time in the not so distant future,
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the high birth rates and
high death rates of the past
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will transition to low birth
rates and low death rates.
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There are five stages to
demographic transition.
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One, there are high birth
rates and high death rates
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with a stable population,
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modeled by a high stationary
population pyramid.
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Two, death rates begin to decline
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because of better
sanitation and food supply
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and the population of
older people increases.
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Modeled by an early
expanding population pyramid.
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Three, birth rates also begin to decline
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because of access to contraception
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and changing social values,
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and the population stops
growing quite as fast
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which is modeled by a late
expanding population pyramid.
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Four, the birth rates and
death rates balance out
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so the population stabilizes,
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but there are a lot of people
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because the population has been growing
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up until this point,
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which is modeled by a
low stationary pyramid.
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Stage five is only speculative right now.
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The population could remain stable
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or increase or decrease
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which would be modeled by
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a constrictive population pyramid,
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and it all depends on the
external and internal pressures
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of the individual society and the world.
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Here is as simple as it gets.
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Demographic transition models
the changing population
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of a country or the world.
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Now that we're looking at the world
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let's check out globalization.
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Globalization is the sharing of ideas,
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cultures, services and products
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across national borders
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due to the interdependence
of different countries,
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the progress of technology
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and advancements to
communication technology.
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People migrating to different countries
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or working in different countries
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bring their native customs with them.
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There are many theories of globalization.
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World systems theory
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states that the world
is a single social unit
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divided into three regions.
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Core countries which are industrialized
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and relatively independent
of outside control.
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Periphery countries which
are greatly influenced
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by coronations and
transnational corporations,
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and depend on one type
of economic activity.
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And semi-periphery countries
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which are the middle ground
between core and periphery
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consisting of either
declining core countries
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or rising periphery countries.
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Then you have modernization theory
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which states that every country
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follows a similar path in development
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from traditional to modern,
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and that today's third world countries
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can reach the same state of development
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of today's first world countries
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with help over time.
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Dependency theory which is a reaction
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to modernization theory
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states that the third world countries
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have their own unique structures
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and are poor and will remain so
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because of their unfavorable
economic position
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in the world economy.
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Other theories look at
culture or social networking
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or economy or politics or goods.
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There are different perspectives
of globalization as well.
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Hyperglobalist believe
that individual countries
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will become less important
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as countries become interdependent
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and the global society takes presence.
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Skeptics believe that countries
are still very important
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and rather than becoming globalized
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the world is become regionalized,
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which you can see exemplified
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by transnational corporations.
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Despite their role on the global economy
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they are still tied to their home country.
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Finally, transformationalist
take a middle ground
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and simply state that the importance
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of national governments is changing,
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as is the design of the world order.
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Though they're unspecific
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as to what it all is changing into.
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I've used the term
transnational corporations
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a few times already
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so, let's take a look at what that means.
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Many corporations have grown to the point
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that they are looking
across national borders
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for cheaper materials and labor.
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Some of these transnational corporations
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make more money in a year
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than entire countries do.
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Isn't that crazy?
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All of these means
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that countries are no longer
solely self-dependent.
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They look to other countries
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for some of their necessities.
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Sometimes the effects
of globalization are bad
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like the negative effects
due to countries competing
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to provide cheapest labor to
transnational corporations,
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but there are also
benefits to globalization.
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All these interdependence
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causes foreign nations
to become interconnected.
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Today, globalization is facilitated by
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the ease of communication
and transportation
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of ideas, money and
people across the world.
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It affects the cultures
as well as the economies
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of every country with foreign ties.
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In short, globalization
is the sharing of ideas,
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products and cultures
across national borders
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that change those nation's
economies and cultures.
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Last but not the least,
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we have social movements.
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Activist social movements
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seek to change something about society
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while regressive or
reactionary social movements
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resist social change.
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When we think of social movements
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we can think of the
environmental movement.
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This is a good example.
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A group of people with a shared idea
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who have the resources and leadership
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to organize members to
achieve a shared goal.
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Social movements either
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encourage change in their society
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or they resist change.
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Either way they will have
an impact on their society
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and forever leave it altered.
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In the early 20th century
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social movements were seen as
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negative calls for attention
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by people seeking meaning in their lives.
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This was during the time of nautism,
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fascism and solonism
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which harmed millions of lives.
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Today though, social
movements are observed
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to be an instrumental part
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of the evolution of a society.
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According to relative deprivation theory,
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people who perceive some sort of
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deprivation or inequality
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will band together to try
and change that in society.
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But according to resource
mobilization theory
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they must have the resources
to fund the movement,
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to publicize it, to recruit members,
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to make an impact.
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Rational choice theory
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states that the patterns
of behavior in society
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depend on the choices of people
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who weigh different actions
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and choose the one that
benefits them the most.
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Social movements can
cause widespread effects
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by creating panics
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where people are unreasonably
fearful and act hastily
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or crazist where something
is incredible popular
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for a short period of time.
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In the end, social movements
only have two options.
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They either fail and fade away
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or they succeed and become integrated
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into this society becoming the new norm.
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To wrap it up,
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social movements are groups of people
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with a shared idea, a strong leadership
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and the resource to make
an impact on society.
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There we have it.
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The bird's eye view of demographics.
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