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The Market Will Set You Free - YouTube
Channel: PragerU
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请仔细地 看一下这个
Take a close look at this.
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乔纳森·海特
Jonathan Haidt,
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那位『纽约大学』的著名心理学家
the noted New York University psychologist,
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称之为
calls it,
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"这个世界上 最重要的曲线图"
"the most important graph in the world."
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他为什么会这么说?
Why does he say that?
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因为他知道 这张图表 揭示了一项简单的
Because he knows this graph reveals a simple,
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无可回避的事实:
inescapable fact:
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没有替换选项 可以取代 行自由市场的资本主义
there is no substitute for free-market capitalism,
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作为一款 提升人类繁荣度的助推器
as a promoter of human prosperity.
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不妨留意一下
Let it be noted,
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海特不是一个 人们所认为的 典型的保守派
that Haidt is no one's idea of a conservative.
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但是 当有力的证据 显现在他眼前之时
But when hard evidence stares him in the face,
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他不会 撇过头去 视而不见
he's not going to look away.
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这张曲线图的获得 是基于那项研究
The graph is based on the research,
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执行该研究的是 已故英国经济学家
conducted by the late British economist,
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安格斯·麦迪森
Angus Maddison.
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沿着X轴 所显示的那些数字
The numbers along the X-axis,
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是指 年份
are years.
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撷取了其中的 两千年
Two thousand of them.
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在Y轴上 所显示的那些数字 代表 美元
The numbers on the Y-axis are dollars.
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其中的全部
All of them,
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除以这颗星球上 所居住的人口总数
divided by the number of people on the planet.
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它是 被称为 人均GDP的那项指标
It's what's called GDP per capita,
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该指标即是指 整个世界的经济产出
which is the world's economic output,
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再除以 它的人口数量
divided by its population.
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GDP指标 被认为是
GDP is considered,
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最好的衡量手段
the best measurement,
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用以标测 一个国家的生活水准
of a country's standard of living,
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而且 在此案例中
and, in this case,
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以衡量 整个世界的生活水准
the world's standard of living.
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当我展示这张图表 给我的学生时 经常性地
Often when I show this graph to students,
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我会收到 这种回馈:
I get this comment:
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"这不反映 资本主义
"That's not capitalism;
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这只不过是 反映了『工业革命』所带来的影响"
it's just the impact of the Industrial Revolution."
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因此 我会给他们看 另一张图表
So, I show them another chart,
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由该『麦迪森项目』制作
by the Maddison Project.
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这幅图 把代表GDP的曲棍球棒曲线
This one breaks the GDP hockey stick,
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细分为 地区
into regions.
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正如 你所能见
As you can see,
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这里有许多条 曲棍球棒曲线
there are a number of hockey sticks.
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但请留意 它们并非是在同一时间 跃升的
But note that they don't rise at the same time.
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美利坚合众国 率先 崛起了
The United States surged first.
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为啥?
Why?
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好吧 以一种非常有幸 且巧合的方式
Well, in a very fortuitous coincidence,
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1776这一年
the year 1776,
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同时 见证了
witnessed both,
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我们《独立宣言》的签署
the signing of our Declaration of Independence,
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以及 一本著作的出版
and the publication of a book,
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书名叫做《国富论》
called "The Wealth of Nations",
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作者是那位 苏格兰的经济学家和哲学家
by the Scottish economist and philosopher,
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亚当·斯密
Adam Smith.
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在他的书里
In his book,
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斯密解释了
Smith explained,
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如何创建一个现代的 运作自由市场 资本主义的经济体
how to create a modern free-market capitalist economy,
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以及 这么做 所带来的益处
and the benefits of doing so.
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美国那些 智慧的国父们
America's wise founders,
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把斯密总结出的原则 铭记于心
took Smith's principles to heart,
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然后 在仅仅100年的时间里 —
and within a mere 100 years —
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从历史的角度看 一眨眼的功夫 —
the blink of an eye historically —
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资本主义体系 就将 美利坚合众国
capitalism turned the United States,
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从十三个 穷乡僻壤的殖民地
from thirteen backwoods colonies,
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转变成 这个世界上 最大的经济体
into the world's largest economy.
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并且 打那之后 她就一直占据那个位置
And it has held that position ever since.
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西欧也呈现出 暴增之势
Western Europe shot up as well,
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但要更晚
but later.
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它在『工业革命』期间 稳步地爬升
It rose steadily during the Industrial Revolution,
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再然后 它经历了一波 高速增长 于第二次世界大战后
and then experienced a sharp rise after World War II,
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那时
when,
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就在战争结束之后 直至1960年代中叶期间 当时
between the end of the war and the mid-1960s,
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它完完全全 拥抱了自由市场经济
it fully embraced the free market.
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日本 也在第二次世界大战之后 骤升了 —
Japan, too, shot up after World War II —
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在历史上第一次 把西欧甩在了身后
surpassing Western Europe for the first time,
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在美国
after the US,
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帮助日本 转型成为了 一个民主政体
helped the Japanese transition to a democracy,
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和一个行自由市场资本主义的经济体后
and, a free-market capitalist economy.
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东欧 起飞了
Eastern Europe took off,
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在它获得了解放
after it was released,
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于1991年 摆脱了 苏联和社会主义的桎梏之后
from the Soviet Union and socialism in 1991.
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中国 也同样如此
China did likewise,
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在那些中国人 偏离了严格的社会主义轨道
after the Chinese moved away from strict socialism,
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并且 实施了某些 有限的自由市场经济政策 之后
and implemented some limited free-market policies.
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人们只能依靠想象力了 中国现在 或将会居于何处
One can only imagine where China would be now,
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如果 它的领导人
if its leaders had,
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当时 完全释放出 自由市场经济那些活力的话
fully unleashed the forces of the free market.
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没错 在经济扩张 发生期间
Yes, during this period of economic expansion,
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富人 变得更富有了
the wealthy got wealthier.
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那种情况 总是会发生
That always happens,
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当新的财富 被创造出来之时
when new wealth is created.
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但是 中产阶级 以及 穷人
But the middle class and the poor,
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也获得了 巨大的收益
also greatly benefited.
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这是另一张有说服力的图表
Here's another telling chart.
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这一张 来自于『世界银行』
This one is from the World Bank.
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1820年
In 1820,
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有94%的人口 生活在 极端贫困中
94% of people lived in extreme poverty.
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归功于 资本主义
Thanks to capitalism,
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至2015年
by 2015,
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这个数字 已经下降至 9.6%
that number had declined to 9.6%.
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在人类历史上 它第一次下降至 个位数
Single digits for the first time in human history.
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不过 它仍然还是太高了
Now, it's still too many,
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但是 如果我们还想要 把这个数字降得更低
but if we are going to reduce the number even more,
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我们需要理解 是什么 导致了这波贫困率的下降:
we need to understand what caused the decline:
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行自由市场的资本主义
free-market capitalism.
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如果我们把 安格斯·麦迪森的曲棍球棒曲线图
If we combine the Angus Madison hockey stick chart,
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与『世行』有关极端贫困的数据 组合起来
and the World Bank data on extreme poverty,
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我们得到的 是一些相当奇妙的东西
what we get is something quite amazing.
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前所未有的全球繁荣景气
Unprecedented global prosperity,
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以及 一场前所未有 贫困水平的下降 ——
and an unprecedented decline in poverty —
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遍及全球 ——
across the globe —
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纵贯过去的两百年
over the past 200 years.
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简而言之 那就是 资本主义
That's capitalism in a nutshell.
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再看一张图表:
One more chart:
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约翰·诺伯格
Johan Norberg,
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一位瑞典的 经济史学家
a Swedish economic historian,
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给我们展示了 普通人会做得 有多么好
shows us how well ordinary people do,
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当他们工作在 一套自由市场的经济制度下
when they work in a free market economy.
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自1990年起
Since 1990,
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饥饿
hunger,
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贫穷
poverty,
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文盲率
illiteracy,
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以及 儿童死亡率
and child mortality,
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全部都呈现 显著下降的趋势
have all declined significantly,
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随着 社会主义势力的消退
with the decline of socialism.
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与所有这些同时发生的 是我们又
This all happened while we added,
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为这个世界 增加了20亿的人口
2 billion more people to the world.
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超多 增加的人口
Far more people,
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超低现的贫困率
far less poverty.
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更喜人的健康成果
Better health outcomes,
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更低的幼童死亡率
fewer babies dying.
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那就是 经济上的自由 ——
That's what economic freedom —
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资本主义 —
capitalism —
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之所长
can do.
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约翰·肯尼迪总统
President John Kennedy,
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一位民主党人
a Democrat,
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一语中的
said it best,
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当他 在为1963年的大规模减税计划 陈述理由时
while making his case for significant tax cuts in 1963.
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他说 "一波涨潮 会托起所有的船只"
He said, "A rising tide lifts all boats."
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肯尼迪 并不相信
Kennedy didn't believe,
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穷人 只有在富有的人 变得更穷的时候 才能变得更富有
that the poor only get richer only when the rich get poorer.
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他相信 每一个人 都可以变得更富有
He believed everyone could get richer,
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随着 经济的增长
with economic growth.
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历史已经表明了 他是对的
History has shown that he was right.
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这场资本主义 与 社会主义的论战 完完全全
This whole capitalism vs. socialism debate,
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是 搞颠倒了:
is backwards:
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并非是那些 倡导施行 自由市场经济资本主义的人士
It's not those who advocate for free-market capitalism,
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他们需要 证明他们行为的正当性
who need to justify their actions.
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与之相反 应该是那些 鼓吹
Rather, it's those advocating,
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社会主义 或其任何形式的人士
for socialism or any form of it,
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他们 有许许多多 解释的工作 要做
who have a lot of explaining to do.
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我是安迪·普斯德
I'm Andy Puzder,
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为普拉格大学制作
for Prager University.
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